Aiming at the problems of low work efficiency, high labor intensity and lack special machinery for Radix peucedani harvesting in hills and mountains areas, a combine Radix peucedani harvester was designed. Combined with the harvesting agronomy of Radix peucedani, the structure and working parameters of the excavation device and conveying device were theoretically analyzed, and the structure and working parameters of the harvester excavation device and conveying device were determined. The limit conditions of the working process of the vibrating device and separation device were analyzed, and the working parameter range of the vibrating screen and cylindrical screen of the harvester were determined. The field test of the harvester prototype was carried out with the working efficiency, loss rate, damage rate and impurity content as the indexes. The field test results showed that: when the harvester operated at the minimum forward speed of 0.8 m·s^-1 and the maximum forward speed of 1.2 m·s^-1, the working efficiency was 0.19 and 0.28 hm²·h^-1, the loss rate was 3.56% and 3.62%, the damage rate was 2.83% and 2.79%, and the impurity content was 3.28% and 3.67%, respectively. All work indexes of Radix peucedani harvester meet industry standards. This study can provide a reference for the design of rhizome crop harvesting machinery.