In order to explore the distribution characteristics and functional characteristics of ant species diversity in the artificial management ecosystem of Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces, and to provide an important basis for the protection and sustainable use of ant species diversity in the two provinces, taking Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces as samples, we set 11 sample cells in the two provinces with 45 quadrats in each of them. In July 2019 and 2020, we used the improved trematode method to gather surface ants in quadrats, respectively, which were put into absolute ethanol before taking to laboratory for ant species identification and functional. The results showed that: (1) 2 662 ants were gathered from Jiangxi and Hunan provinces, which belong to 4 subfamilies, 24 genera and 49 species. Hunan had abundant ant species than Jiangxi as its richness index of ecological environment was artificial forestland > grassland > farmland; (2) The species diversity indices of the three habitats in Jiangxi and Hunan provinces showed the same performance as artificial forestland > grassland > farmland, and the dominance indices showed the same performance but with opposite trends; the evenness indices in Jiangxi province showed planted forest > grassland > farmland, but in Hunan province showed grassland was smaller than farmland, which was related to the species richness of grassland ants in Hunan province was much larger than farmland. (3) There was the minimum similarity in the community of farmland and plantation in both provinces: the maximum similarity in farmland and grassland in Jiangxi, and the maximum similarity