In order to strengthen the breeding and promotion of Chimonobambusa neopurpurea Yi, we studied the variation and development mechanism of aerial root and stem buds at different nodes of young Chimonobambusa neopurpurea Yi by means of morphological observation and sliding section. Results showed that the development of aerial root was from base to top after height growth, and the aerial root at the base of the bamboo culm was the most mature. In the first node of the base, the aerial root was dark in color and hard in texture, with a hemispherical ridge surrounding the node for a week. It changed to be spiny from the second node, presenting as dark brown spiny tissue with high degree of lignification. The further up, the development of aerial root was delayed, and only the light green ridge could be observed in the middle of bamboo culm. Stem buds grew fastest at 19-22 nodes, but it slowed at the base and top. The aerial root was endogenous in origin, while the stem buds were the external origin. The growth and distribution of the aerial roots and stem buds of young Chimonobambusa neopurpurea Yi have obvious regularity, which would help us to breed and promote this kind of bamboo.