Asplenium ruprechtii (Aspleniaceae) was recently recorded for the first time in Anhui Province, China. The?morphology?and?anatomy?of sporangium and scale were documented in this paper. Since the “Camptosorus” clade is known as the only lineage in Asplenium showing a disjunctive distribution pattern of “eastern Asian-eastern North American”, the discovery of A. ruprechtii in Anhui Province is important to study the origin and distribution of this lineage. In addition, a variety of active constituents that have important medicinal values were detected in A.ruprechtii. Such a discovery will encourage understanding of fern flora character in Anhui and will promote local biodiversity protection and resource utilization as well.