The purpose of this paper is to survey distribution, species of cereal cyst nematode (CCN) and relationship among CCN species in Anhui Province. White female of wheat root system in Huaibei wheat areas were investigated; soil samples of wheat rhizosphere were collected with "Zig-Zag" method in Huaiyuan county and other counties; cysts were separated by Fenwick & Oostenbrink method from those samples; second-stage juveniles (J2) were obtained by hatching cyst; CCN was identified based on morphologic characteristics of cyst perinea pattern and de-man data; and the genetic relationships were analyzed by amplified ITS characteristic fragment and phylogenetic tree built with MEGA5.05. The results showed that CCN was detected from 52% sample sites, from all the samples of wheat areas in the northern part of the Huai River, and from 7% sample sites in Jianghuai wheat areas. No CCN was detected from wheat areas in the southern part of the Changjiang River. Occurrence of CCN in Yingshang and other 4 counties were identified as Heterodera avenae, and occurrence area of H. avenae was up to 41.6% of wheat areas in the northern part of the Huai River. Huaiyuan population of H.avenae is distantly related with other 4 H.avenae populations, and certain morphological differences exist among the 5 H.avenae populations, but with no consistency to the genetic relationships.