A study of the scale pattern of straight guard hair’s from the back and the abdomen of the sable (Martes zibellina) was conducted by scanning electronic microscope. The result showed that two parts of the straight guard hairs of the sable had similarity and consistency in the types of scale pattern, the arrangements of scale pattern, and in height and density. Scale pattern is complex, mainly including long valve type and irregular wave type from its back’s hair and abdomen’s hair, but the percentage of two kinds of scale pattern had great difference. For else, another scale pattern was very little. As compared with another species of the same family and genus, the difference and percentage of main scale pattern is very obvious in the same part. Our findings can supply basis for identification of species, but there existed difficulty in identification.